Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral, citotoxicidade in vitro e estudos antibacterianos de princípios bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius, uma árvore comum de Jazan, Arábia Saudita

Abstract The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo-N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2':4',2"-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-1 representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p< 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os compostos bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). A análise por GC-MS do extrato metanólico quente das folhas (HMEL) de C. lancifolius exibiu os compostos bioativos como 1- (3-Metoxi-2-nitrobenzil) isoquinolina, morfina-4-ol-6,7- diona, 1-bromo-N-metil-, fitol, ácido hexadecanoico, 2,3-di-hidroxipropil éster, 2,2 ': 4', 2 " - tertiofeno, isoalocolato de etil, óxido de cariofileno, campesterol, epiglobulol, colestano -3-ol, 2-metileno-, (3á, 5à) -, dasycarpidan-1-metanol, acetato (éster) e ácido oleico, éster eicosílico. A análise FT-IR de HMEL de C. lancifolius mostrou um pico único em 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-1 representando ácido cumarico, ácido clorogênico e ácido ferúlico. O HMEL de C. lancifolius inibiu ativamente a proliferação de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 ATCC na concentração de 72,66 ± 8,21 µg / ml como valor de IC50. O HMEL de C. lancifolius também revelou bom espectro de atividade contra culturas de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas rastreadas neste trabalho. A atividade observada mostrou efeitos mais ou menos semelhantes contra bactérias rastreadas. No entanto, a magnitude da potencialidade foi significativamente menor em comparação com o disco de ciprofloxacina padrão em nível de p < 0,001 (intervalos de confiança de 99%). Além disso, o estudo demonstrando os compostos bioativos pode ser isolado das folhas de C. lancifolius.

Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia / Análise espectral, citotoxicidade in vitro e estudos antibacterianos de princípios bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius, uma árvore comum de Jazan, Arábia Saudita

The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2’:4’,2”-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p< 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os compostos bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). A análise por GC-MS do extrato metanólico quente das folhas (HMEL) de C. lancifolius exibiu os compostos bioativos como 1- (3-Metoxi-2-nitrobenzil) isoquinolina, morfina-4-ol-6,7- diona, 1-bromo-N-metil-, fitol, ácido hexadecanoico, 2,3-di-hidroxipropil éster, 2,2 ‘: 4’, 2 ” - tertiofeno, isoalocolato de etil, óxido de cariofileno, campesterol, epiglobulol, colestano -3-ol, 2-metileno-, (3á, 5à) -, dasycarpidan-1-metanol, acetato (éster) e ácido oleico, éster eicosílico. A análise FT-IR de HMEL de C. lancifolius mostrou um pico único em 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-¹ representando ácido cumarico, ácido clorogênico e ácido ferúlico. O HMEL de C. lancifolius inibiu ativamente a proliferação de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 ATCC na concentração de 72,66 ± 8,21 µg/ml como valor de IC50. O HMEL de C. lancifolius também revelou bom espectro de atividade contra culturas de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas rastreadas neste trabalho. A atividade observada mostrou efeitos mais ou menos semelhantes contra bactérias rastreadas. No entanto, a magnitude da potencialidade foi significativamente menor em comparação com o disco de ciprofloxacina padrão em nível de p < 0,001 (intervalos de confiança de 99%). Além disso, o estudo demonstrando os compostos bioativos pode ser isolado das folhas de C. lancifolius.

Spectral analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies of bioactive principles from the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius, a common tree of Jazan, Saudi Arabia

Abstract The objective of the present study was to analyse the bioactive compounds of the leaves of Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). The GC-MS analysis of the hot methanolic extract of the leaves (HMEL) of C. lancifolius exhibited the bioactive compounds such as 1-(3-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzyl) iso quinoline, morphin-4-ol-6,7-dione, 1-bromo-N-methyl-, phytol, hexadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2,2':4',2-terthiophene, ethyl iso-allocholate, caryophyllene oxide, campesterol, epiglobulol, cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3á,5à)-, dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) and oleic acid, eicosyl ester. The FT-IR analysis of HMEL of C. lancifolius showed a unique peak at 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-1 representing coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. The HMEL of C. lancifolius was actively inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells MCF-7 ATCC at the concentration of 72.66 ± 8.21 µg/ml as IC50 value. The HMEL of C. lancifolius also revealed a good spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures screened in this work. The activity observed has shown more or less similar effects against screened bacteria. However, the magnitude of potentiality was significantly lesser compared to standard ciprofloxacin disc at p 0.001 level (99% confidence intervals). Furthermore, the study demonstrating the bioactive compounds can be isolated from the leaves of C. lancifolius.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os compostos bioativos das folhas de Conocarpus lancifolius (C. lancifolius). A análise por GC-MS do extrato metanólico quente das folhas (HMEL) de C. lancifolius exibiu os compostos bioativos como 1- (3-Metoxi-2-nitrobenzil) isoquinolina, morfina-4-ol-6,7- diona, 1-bromo-N-metil-, fitol, ácido hexadecanoico, 2,3-di-hidroxipropil éster, 2,2 ': 4', 2 - tertiofeno, isoalocolato de etil, óxido de cariofileno, campesterol, epiglobulol, colestano -3-ol, 2-metileno-, (3á, 5à) -, dasycarpidan-1-metanol, acetato (éster) e ácido oleico, éster eicosílico. A análise FT-IR de HMEL de C. lancifolius mostrou um pico único em 3184, 2413, 1657 cm-1 representando ácido cumarico, ácido clorogênico e ácido ferúlico. O HMEL de C. lancifolius inibiu ativamente a proliferação de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 ATCC na concentração de 72,66 ± 8,21 µg / ml como valor de IC50. O HMEL de C. lancifolius também revelou bom espectro de atividade contra culturas de bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas rastreadas neste trabalho. A atividade observada mostrou efeitos mais ou menos semelhantes contra bactérias rastreadas. No entanto, a magnitude da potencialidade foi significativamente menor em comparação com o disco de ciprofloxacina padrão em nível de p 0,001 (intervalos de confiança de 99%). Além disso, o estudo demonstrando os compostos bioativos pode ser isolado das folhas de C. lancifolius.

Development Of Bioanalytical Standardization Parameters Of Alocasia Indica Tuber By Hptlc Technique

Alocasia indica is perennial herb growing widely and used as traditional medicine in India, China and Bangladesh. The divine herb has potent medicinal values for the treatment of different type of illnesses. The HPTLC techniques were used to separate active components from ethanolic extract of tuber part of A. indica. This examination was intended to designed a HPTLC fingerprint profile of crude extract of the plant in ethanol. A HPTLC method for the isolation of various active constituents in A. indica ethanolic extract have been developed and solvent system for quercetin the mobile phase used was toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:2:1) and for analysis of β-sitosterol the mobile phase used was chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6:4:1) . In the present investigation, HPTLC fingerprint of extract of dried tuber part of A. indica have been performed and the results demonstrated that important information for standardization. The HPTLC system for routine quality control of present species can be used for ethanolic extract and serve in qualitative, quantitative and was appropriate for standardization of the plant.

Uso de Biomateriales Funcionalizados con Moléculas Bioactivas en la Ingeniería Biomédica / Use of Functionalized Biomaterials with Bioactive molecules in Biomedical Engineering

Resumen El artículo expone la importancia del uso de moléculas bioactivas para la funcionalización de biomateriales. Por esta razón, se realizó una revisión de investigaciones actuales y relevantes en diversos buscadores de datos, incluyendo los diferentes tipos de materiales y moléculas bioactivas utilizadas para elaborar biomateriales funcionalizados, con énfasis en los procesos y sus propiedades. Se encontró que el proceso de funcionalización o modificación de la superficie expande el camino para adaptar al biomaterial de acuerdo al entorno fisiológico de las células vivas. De esta manera, el proceso mejora la estructura y las funciones de los tejidos y órganos diseñados. Existen una variedad de métodos y moléculas bioactivas disponibles para la funcionalización de los biomateriales, las cuales dependen de la manera en las que las células o tejidos se regeneran. Entre los diferentes materiales para la fabricación de biomateriales, las biomoléculas como las proteínas, lípidos, carbohidratos, entre otros, son una de las opciones más utilizadas debido a la similitud de estas con los sistemas biológicos del cuerpo humano. Finalmente, el artículo también integra algunas de las más prometedoras aplicaciones de moléculas bioactivas incorporadas a los biomateriales.

Abstract The paper exposes the importance of the use of bioactive molecules for the functionalization of biomaterials. For this reason, a review of current and relevant research was carried out in various data searchers, including the different types of bioactive materials and molecules used to elaborate functionalized biomaterials, with emphasis on the processes and their properties. It was found that the process of functionalization or modification of the surface expands the path to adapt the biomaterial according to the physiological environment of living cells. This process improves the structure and functions of the designed tissues and organs. There are a variety of methods and bioactive molecules available for the functionalization of biomaterials, depending on the way in which the cells or tissues are regenerated. Among the different materials for the manufacture of biomaterials, biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, among others, are one of the most used options due to the similarity of these with the biological systems of the human body. Finally, the paper also integrates some of the most promising applications of bioactive molecules incorporated into biomaterials.

Essential Oils: Biological Activity Beyond Aromatherapy

The essential oils are fragrant products whose complex compositions are obtained from various parts of plants by dry or steam distillation. Plants with variable biological activities have been explored worldwide. The presence of a large number of phenols, terpenes and other aromatic compounds make essential oils more precise in their mode of action. Because of this, they are known to possess many biological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory etc. In this article, we will review the published literature summarizing the chemistry of essential oils and their important biological activities.

Anti-diabetic activity of quercetin extracted from Phyllanthus emblica L. fruit:In silico and in vivo approaches / 药物分析学报

In this study, molecular interactions of the ligands, quercetin, gallic acid, and metformin with various diabetes mellitus-related protein targets, such as glycogen phosphorylase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, were assessed. It was revealed that quercetin possesses good binding affinity to both targets. Quercetin is a major constituent of methanolic extracts of Phyllanthus emblica fruit. The antihyperglycemic effect of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats was examined. The isolated quercetin administered at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight produced a maximum decrease of 14.78％in blood glucose levels in the diabetic rats after 7 days of treatment. Furthermore, quercetin doses of 50 and 75 mg/kg were shown to significantly improve the profiles of triglycerides, high-density li-poprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol at the end of the study in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The administration of quercetin (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight) daily for 28 days in STZ-induced diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose and urine sugar levels, with a considerable rise in plasma insulin and hemoglobin levels. Therefore, quercetin is a potential drug with antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic action mediated by changes in the levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides as indicated by in silico and in vivo studies.

Bioprospecting optimal phenology for bioactive molecules in native golden yellow Pleurotus citrinopileatus Singer

Objective: To bioprospect optimal phenological phases as source of novel molecules from native golden yellow Pleurotus citrinopileatus across four phenologies in both aqueous and ethanol extracts, and identify novel molecules responsible for these activities. Methods: Standard qualitative assay, Folin-Ciocalteu assay; aluminium chloride spectrophotometric, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-suslfonic acid, ferricyanide reducing antioxidant power were used to determine total flavonoid, polyphenols, radical scavenging, and reducing power. Spectrophotometric methods were used for lycopene, β-carotene, and total carotenoids, while liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used for identification and comparative quantitation of polyphenols and flavonoids across the four phenological states. ChemSpider™ database was used for the identification of compounds based on their empirical formula, accurate mass and literature review of previously reported compounds in mushroom. Results: Primordial phases exhibited higher contents of secondary metabolites than mature basidiocarps. Polyphenols content differed across physiological phases with primordials exhibiting significant high contents (P < 0.05) [(13.803 ± 0.797) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight]. Distribution of total flavonoids was significantly different (P < 0.05) across physiological states and ranged from (3.311 ± 0.730) to (14.824 ± 0.890) mg quercetin equivalent g dry weight. Ten polyphenol acids and seven flavonoids compounds identified varied across these phases with primordials exhibiting relatively high peak areas. Total antioxidant activities showed a positive correlation with total polyphenols (r. =. 0.969; P < 0.05) and total flavonoids (r. =. 0.960; P < 0.05) across these phenologies. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that primordials of golden yellow mushroom as opposed to their fruiting bodies are potent sources of bioactive health molecules.

Actividad antimicrobiana y sinérgica de metabolitos producidos por Streptomyces erythrogriseus M10-77 de origen marino / Antimicrobial and synergetic activity of metabolites produced by marine origin Streptomyces erythrogriseus M10-77

Los metabolitos de un actinomiceto de origen marino, identificado como Streptomyces erythrogriseus cepa M10-77, fueron evaluados por su capacidad antimicrobiana y sinérgica con antibióticos convencionales. Las pruebas de antagonismo se realizaron frente a patógenos multidrogorresistentes (MDR) de origen clínico, siendo muy efectivos principalmente frente a especies patógenas de Staphylococcus y Enterococcus. Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) de extractos diclorometánicos frente a los patógenos S. aureus 1094, S. epidermidis 1093 y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo 348, siendo estos valores de 3,9; 15,7 y 1,9 µg/mL respectivamente. Los componentes del extracto diclorometánico fueron fraccionados parcialmente, obteniéndose hasta 4 fracciones orgánicas (I, II, III, IV), las que mostraron actividades inhibitorias de la cepa referencial S. aureus ATCC 43300. Los bioensayos frente a S. aureus meticilino resistente (MRSA) mostraron actividad sinérgica de la fracción II del extracto con antibióticos betalactámicos y aminoglucósidos, resaltando la repotenciación de la actividad de la bencilpenicilina en 128 veces el valor basal; así como de la gentamicina en 8 veces sobre el valor basal. S. erythrogriseus cepa M10-77 resultó ser un productor de metabolitos antibacterianos de alta potencia y con actividad sinérgica con antibióticos de referencia médica.

Metabolites of a marine actinomycete, identified as Streptomyces erythrogriseus M10-77 strain were evaluated for antimicrobial and synergistic activity with conventional antibiotics. Antagonism tests were conducted against multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens of clinical origin, being very effective mainly against pathogenic Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of dichloromethane extracts were determined against pathogenic S. aureus 1094, S. epidermidis and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus 1093 348, these values being 3.9; 15.7 and 1.9 μg/mL respectively. The components of dichloromethane extracts were fractionated partially yielding four organic fractions (I, II, III, IV), which showed inhibitory activity against the reference strain S. aureus ATCC 43300. The bioassays against S.aureus methicillin-resistant (MRSA ) produced synergistic activity of the extract fraction II with beta-lactams and aminoglycoside antibiotics, highlighting the upgrading of the activity of penicillin at 128 times above the baseline and gentamicin 8-fold above baseline. S. erythrogriseus M10-77 strain proved to be a producer of antibacterial metabolites with high power and synergistic activity with antibiotics of medical use.

Bioactive compounds from marine yeast inhibits lung cancer.

Anticancer agents derived from natural products such as various sources like plants, animals and microorganisms. Marine-derived microorganism has become important sources of new bioactive molecules. The products isolated from marine sources possess cytotoxic activities against many cancers. Secondary metabolites as a source of Candida albicans natural drugs many of the medicines prescribed today are natural products obtained from terrestrial plants and microorganisms. The major components (80-90%) of cell wall of are carbohydrates, mannose or polymers of mannose covalently associated with proteins to form glycoproteins. The American Cancer Society has estimated 159,260 deaths due to lung cancer from diagnosis of 224,210 new cases in the United States in 2014. The International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated over 1 million new cancers cases in India in 2012 (10, 14, 934). In this study, we aimed to find new bioactive compounds from crude culture extracts produced by C. albicans as isolated from coastal mangrove ecosystem and docking studies were carried out.

Bioactive molecules: current trends in discovery, synthesis, delivery and testing

Important bioactive molecules are molecules that are pharmacologically active derived from natural sources and through chemical synthesis. Over the years many of such molecules have been discovered through bioprospective endeavours. The discovery of taxol from the pacific yew tree bark that has the ability in stabilising cellular microtubules represents one of the hallmarks of success of such endeavours. In recent years, the discovery process has been aided by the rapid development of techniques and technologies in chemistry and biotechnology. The progress in advanced genetics and computational biology has also transformed the way hypotheses are formulated as well as the strategies for drug discovery. Of equal importance is the use of advanced drug delivery vehicles in enhancing the efficacy and bioavailability of bioactive molecules. The availability of suitable animal models for testing and validation is yet another major determinant in increasing the prospect for clinical trials of bioactive molecules.

Research at IMU: achievements, thrust areas and future challenges

There have been significant achievements in research at IMU as indicated by the increasing amount of external funds obtained, and number of publications and postgraduate students produced since it started its research activities in the year 2000. However, it is a great challenge indeed to ensure sustainability of our research, which is currently heavily dependent on internal funding. There is a need to realign our strategies to further enhance our competitiveness in securing external funding for research. In line with this, the Institute for Research, Development and Innovation (IRDI) was officially established on 18 September 2012. The Institute will serve as a platform to support all research activities at IMU. There are four Centres of Excellence based on the identified thrust areas under IRDI, namely 1) Centre for Bioactive Molecules and Drug Discovery; 2) Centre for Environmental and Population Health; 3) Centre for Cancer and Stem Cell Research, and 4) Centre for Health Professional Education Research. Major findings based on research in these four thrust areas are reviewed in this paper. With the strategic planning and establishment of IRDI, it is our aspiration to bring research at IMU to a higher level.

In situ tissue regeneration through host stem cell recruitment

The field of tissue engineering has made steady progress in translating various tissue applications. Although the classical tissue engineering strategy, which involves the use of culture-expanded cells and scaffolds to produce a tissue construct for implantation, has been validated, this approach involves extensive cell expansion steps, requiring a lot of time and laborious effort before implantation. To bypass this ex vivo process, a new approach has been introduced. In situ tissue regeneration utilizes the body's own regenerating capacity by mobilizing host endogenous stem cells or tissue-specific progenitor cells to the site of injury. This approach relies on development of a target-specific biomaterial scaffolding system that can effectively control the host microenvironment and mobilize host stem/progenitor cells to target tissues. An appropriate microenvironment provided by implanted scaffolds would facilitate recruitment of host cells that can be guided to regenerating structural and functional tissues.

Aplicación de biomateriales de base biológica, moléculas bioactivas e ingeniería de tejidos en cirugía plástica periodontal: una revisión / Application of biological based biomaterials, bioactive molecules and tissue engineering in periodontal plastic surgery. A review

Objetivo: Describir, clasificar y discutir las indicaciones de los biomateriales de base biológica, moléculas bioactivas e ingeniería de tejidos que se están usando para el manejo de recesiones y aumento de encía en cirugía plástica periodontal. En esta revisión de la literatura, se utilizó una combinación de los términos de búsqueda específicos que consideraran los materiales en revisión, para el aumento de encía adherida, y el recubrimiento radicular. Materiales y Métodos: Se usaron las siguientes fuentes: Medline, Biblioteca Cochrane, y búsqueda manual de revistas específicas como el Journal of Periodontology, International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry y Journal of Clinical Periodontology entre años 1985 y 2011. Se revisaron un total de 117 artículos y se seleccionaron 74 entre estudios clínicos controlados, estudios clínicos randomizados, reportes de casos y estudios en animales. Los artículos fueron revisados por los autores y aceptados por consenso para su discusión. Conclusiones: 1) Existe una serie de materiales que presentan gran potencial y podrían ser una alternativa viable a los injertos autógenos, pero se requiere más estudios a largo plazo. 2) Existe necesidad de estudios con la investigación de estos procedimientos en relación a resultados orientados a la estabilidad, seguridad y efectividad de los diferentes materiales existentes.

Objective: To describe, classify and discuss the clinical applications of biologically based biomaterials, bioactive molecules and tissue engineering being utilized in gingival recession therapy and gingival augmentation procedures in plastic periodontal surgery. In this literature review, a combination of specific search key words were used, including materials being reviewed, indicated for gingival augmentation and root coverage procedures. Materials and Methods: The following sources were consulted: Medline, Cochrane Library and manual search of specific scientific journals such as Journal of Periodontology, International Journal of Periodontics and Restorative Dentistry and Journal of Clinical Periodontology between the years 1985 and 2011. A total of 117 articles were reviewed with 74 being selected unanimously by the authors for discussion in the manuscript. These articles included controlled clinical studies, randomized clinical studies, case reports and animal studies. The selected articles were reviewed by the authors and accepted by consensus. Conclusions: 1) There is a cohort of materials that exhibit great potential which could be a viable alternative to autografts but are in need of further long term studies. 2) There is a need of research of these materials in relation to stability, safety and efficacy.

Aquasomes: A novel drug carrier.

Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery system for bioactive molecules like peptide, protein, hormones, antigens and genes to specific sites. Aquasomes are spherical in shape with 60–300 nm particles size. These are nanoparticulate carrier systems but instead of being simple nanoparticles these are three layered self assembled structures, comprised of a solid phase nanocrystalline core coated with oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed with or without modification. These structures are self assembled by non covalent and ionic bonds. The solid core provides the structural stability, while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes the biochemically active molecules. The delivery system has been successfully utilized for the delivery of insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes like serratiopeptidase etc. This reviews the principles of self assembly, the challenges of maintaining the conformational integrity and biochemical activity of immobilized surface pairs, the convergence of these principles into a single functional composition and its application in various fields of pharmacy.